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    • Blog List >
      • Teaching Reading to Special Education Students
      • The Best FREE Progress Monitoring Assessments in Reading for Students with Learning Disabilities in Reading
      • Teaching Fluency to Students with Dyslexia
      • 5 Minute Fluency Focus Sequence with Social Emotional Learning Skills
    • About Me
    • Resources
  • Special Education
    • Empowering Teachers: Strategies for Supporting Students with Processing Speed (RAN) Challenges
    • Enhancing Verbal Comprehension Skills for Students with Learning Disabilities: Strategies and Support
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    • 3 Steps for Effective Reading Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities
    • Mastering Reading with a 5-Step Lesson Plan: A Structured Literacy Approach
    • Dyslexia Blogs
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Unlock the secrets of effective reading instruction with our comprehensive blog on the suggested scope and sequence for teaching reading.
Explore the essential components, such as syllable types, phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, and more,
​that form the foundation of successful literacy development.
Gain valuable insights and practical guidance to create a structured and systematic approach to teaching reading.
Enhance your teaching strategies and empower your students on their journey to becoming confident readers. Read the blog now!

3/14/2023 0 Comments

In what order do I teach Fluency skills?

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In what order do I teach Fluency skills? Miss Rae's Room's Blog
Fluency is the ability to read a text quickly, accurately, and with proper expression.

Oral reading fluency assessments measure reading rate and accuracy and are expressed in terms of the number of words read correctly per minute (wcpm).  

Teachers can assess a student's...
-word reading fluency
-nonsense word reading fluency
-connected text reading fluency

A student needs to be able to read 130 correct words per minute on a sixth grade level to be successful in content reading.  A reliable oral reading fluency norms chart is the Hasbrouck & Tindal Oral Reading Fluency Data 2017.  This chart compiles oral reading fluency norms for grades 1 through 6.

Fluency is determined by the size of your sight vocabulary.  

A sight word is ANY word a student can recognize by sight.  (I like to define "sight" here in terms of automaticity so less than 3 seconds to read.)  

Sight word vocabulary is the words that are recognized instantly and effortlessly from memory regardless of whether or not it is phonetically regular or irregular.  A sight word is known as a familiar word, rather than an unfamiliar word.  An unfamiliar sight word is one that students either try to sound out or guess.  When students are able to immediately recognize a word without using a decoding strategy, their fluency improves.  So an expanded sight vocabulary improves students’ oral reading rate, or fluency.
Fluency is the bridge between decoding words and understanding what has been read.
Fluency is the bridge between decoding words and understanding what has been read.

Fluency, then, is the bridge between decoding words and understanding what has been read.   Students who are fluent readers are better able to devote their attention to comprehending the text.  And as students become fluent readers, they are able to interact with text on a higher level.

So after I assess a student’s oral reading fluency skills, I use the following order of skills to pinpoint my students’ lagging skills that will be targeted during my intervention instruction?
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In what order do I teach Fluency skills? Miss Rae's Room's Blog
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In what order do I teach Fluency skills? Miss Rae's Room's Blog
Oral Reading Fluency has consistently been found to have a high correlation with reading comprehension.  Phonological awareness, phonics, fluency, and vocabulary all lead to COMPREHENSION - the ultimate goal of reading.

Learning to read is a multi-dimensional pursuit. Lots of things have to happen simultaneously. So your lessons should always include all 5 components of reading and spelling.
​
Grab my 5 Step Reading Lesson Plan HERE!

Happy & Healthy Teaching!
PEACE,
Miss Rae

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12/29/2022 0 Comments

In what order do I teach Phonics skills?

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In what order do I teach Phonics skills? Miss Rae's Room Teaching Blog
Phonics is a system for approaching reading that focuses on the relationship between letters and sounds.  The teaching has to move from letter/sound correspondences to graphemes, syllables and morphemes.

So, in what order do I teach Phonics skills?
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This order gives you a systematic sequence that allows you to individualize it for your students!  

A scope and sequence is the backbone of instruction.  It guides lessons based on a logical skill sequence, builds on previously learned skills, and allows for the evaluation of gaps or lagging skills and redundancies across grade levels. But it's important to remember…

The scope and sequence you use for your students should be individualized (and also systematic) for targeted intervention!

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A post shared by Rae ☆ Special Ed Reading Teacher Coach (@missraesroom)

Guessing words from context is not as efficient as phonetic decoding. Skilled readers can identify unfamiliar words with a high degree of accuracy by sounding them out, even irregular words. By contrast, researchers have found that even proficient readers are not as skilled at correctly guessing words from context with an accuracy rate of only about 25%.

Research has given us even more knowledge - when we see a word, the areas of the brain responsible for orthography (familiar spelling) and phonology (pronunciation) activate before the areas responsible for the semantic system (meaning).

The key to this is Orthographic Mapping!

Orthographic mapping is the ability to “map” or connect frequently occurring letters and letter patterns onto their related sounds.  The process of Orthographic Mapping is an integration of several key oral and written language skills.  These skills include advanced phonemic awareness, letter - sound knowledge, and phonics skills.  As a result, Orthographic Mapping is the ability to quickly and efficiently add words to your sight vocabulary.  Sight vocabulary is all the words you instantly recognize.

You can read more about Orthographic Mapping HERE and get an instructional sequence to support Orthographic Mapping!

Early, explicit, and systematic instruction in phonics, along with direct instruction in phonological awareness, can prevent and also remediate reading difficulties.  The combination of explicit phonics and phonological training for all students in kindergarten and first grade provides far greater results in word-level reading skills than any other teaching practice that has been studied.  Phonological awareness, phonics, fluency, and vocabulary all lead to COMPREHENSION
-the ultimate goal of reading.

Remember - learning to read is a multi-dimensional pursuit. Lots of things have to happen simultaneously.  So your lessons should always include all 5 components of reading and spelling.

Grab my 5 Step Reading Lesson Plan HERE!

Happy & Healthy Teaching!
PEACE,
Miss Rae


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12/25/2022 0 Comments

In what order do I teach Phonemic Awareness skills?

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In what order do I teach the Phonemic Awareness skills? Miss Rae's Room Teaching Blog
Phonological awareness is an umbrella term that includes awareness of words, syllables, onsets, rimes, and the smallest unit of spoken language, phonemes.  

Phonological awareness difficulties represent the most common source of word-level reading difficulties.  Phonological awareness is essential for skilled reading.

Basic phonological awareness skills include phoneme blending and segmentation and are generally mastered by most students by the end of the first grade.  Advanced phonological awareness skills involve manipulating phonemes which include deleting, substituting, or reversing phonemes within words.

Phonemic Awareness skills are a part of phonological awareness.  It is generally considered to be the ability to hear and manipulate individual speech sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.  Specifically, phonemic awareness is the ability to identify, isolate and manipulate language at the individual sound level (phonemes).

What are the 6 layers of Phonemic Awareness?

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So, in what order do I teach Phonemic Awareness skills?

Well, first let me say a few caveats to the “order” I will share.  The scope refers to the areas of development addressed by the curriculum. The sequence includes plans and materials for learning experiences to support and extend student's learning at various levels of development. 

The scope and sequence you use for your students should be individualized (and also systematic) for targeted intervention!

This order gives you a systematic sequence that allows you to individualize it for your students!
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Remember - Learning to read is a multi-dimensional pursuit. Lots of things have to happen simultaneously. So your lessons should always include all 5 components of reading and spelling.

Grab my 5 Step Reading Lesson Plan HERE!

And follow me on Instagram to get some daily bite-sized PD!

Happy & Healthy Teaching!
PEACE,
Miss Rae

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12/25/2022 0 Comments

In what order do I teach syllable types?

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Miss Rae's Room Scope and Sequence of Teaching Syllable Types
By teaching students to divide words into parts, or "chunks", we help speed up the process of decoding.  Knowing the rules for syllable division can help students read words more accurately and fluently. It can also help students learn to spell words correctly.

Why teach syllable types, you ask? Because within those syllables lies the roadmap to fluent decoding and encoding!  Mastering these patterns not only simplifies reading but also empowers students to tackle multisyllabic words with confidence.
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But how do you know what syllables to teach when???

A scope and sequence can be a helpful tool for teachers!  A scope and sequence gives us a list of skills that students should develop in order to move toward achievement of an end goal.

So for example, if being a successful reader is my end goal, I have to master phonemic awareness.  Phonemic Awareness is broken down into sub skills that I must master in order to master Phonemic Awareness.  For example, I must learn to segment, blend, and manipulate phonemes.  As I am mastering Phonemic Awareness, I am going to begin to be introduced to phonics skills that I am going to be expected to master as well.  

Scope and sequences can help us to tailor our instruction to meet our students’ developmental needs.

​You can grab my scope and sequences for reading HERE - from Phonemic Awareness skills to Vocabulary, grab developmentally appropriate and grade-level aligned scope and sequences HERE!
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It also helps us to identify the lagging skill areas that we can target with some instructional intervention.

Let’s think about it!

At the start of each year, at the end of each term, and sometimes every so weeks, we assess our students’ skills.  These assessments provide us with knowledge of our students’ abilities towards an end goal, or learning standard.  And being the amazingly awesome teachers that we are, we analyze those assessments. 

Now, here is where a scope and sequence comes into play and becomes a useful tool for us teachers!

When we are analyzing our students’ assessments, we can compare their skill attainment to a developmentally appropriate scope and sequence.  This allows us to see our students’ “gaps” or lagging skill areas that we can target with our instruction.

Let’s go back to our Phonemic Awareness example for a moment.  

Here are the six layers of Phonemic Awareness skills, beginning with the simplest and ending in the most complex skill:
1-Phoneme Isolation
2-Blending
3-Segmentation
4-Addition
5-Deletion
6-Substitution 

If Zoe’s Phonemic Awareness assessment demonstrates mastery of Phoneme Isolation, Segmentation, Addition, and Deletion, but a weakness in Blending and Substitution, my intervention instruction will target Blending to improve both the Blending and Substitution competencies.

​I use an intentional 3 step approach to designing reading instruction for students with Learning Disabilities that you can learn more about HERE!
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So in what order do I teach syllable types?

This is what I would suggest for a scope and sequence -aligned with grade levels - for teaching syllable types:
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Closed and Open Syllables (K/1)*
CVCe (1)
Vowel Teams (2)
R-Controlled (2)
Consonant -le (3) 

By the end of Third Grade, it is developmentally appropriate to expect that all syllable types should have been introduced, practiced, and mastered.

*When I teach Closed and Open Syllables, I teach the term Closed Syllable first.  I use the language of “Closed Syllable” when teaching CVC words.  Then, I introduce Open Syllables by comparing them to Closed Syllables.

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I hope this blog has been helpful!  If you want to learn more, follow me on Instagram where I share knowledge like this AND MORE!
Happy and healthy teaching!

PEACE,
Miss Rae
References:
Moats. L.C.& Tolman, C. A. (2019). LETRS (3rd edition). Voyager Sopris Learning.
Really Great Reading: https://www.reallygreatreading.com/six-layers-phonemic-awareness

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