Executive Functioning (EF) skills are a bigger indicator of school readiness and predictor of academic success than IQ.

EF skills are an umbrella term for the cognitive processes of planning, working memory, attention, problem solving, mental flexibility, verbal reasoning, mental flexibility, and emotional self regulation.  These skills impact time management, organization, initiation of tasks, multi-tasking and planning ability, and making connections between past experiences and current actions.

Essentially, they help students set a stage for and engage in learning!

EF skills are required for learning!  

What are the signs that EF skills are impacting a student?

-forgetting multi-steps for solving problems
-forgetting multi-step directions
-daydreaming in class
-being easily distracted
-trouble starting tasks independently
-difficulties with organization
-losing things frequently
-time management difficulties
-being unable to finish assignments on time
-struggling with transitions
-forgetting names, directions, homework assignments

So what can we do for our students who need a little EF support?  Well, we can start with some classroom accommodations!

Executive Functioning Accommodations:
*Visuals!  (i.e. picture schedules)
*Alert to transitions
*Step-by-step instructions in simple language supported with visuals
*Color code steps in directions
*Graphic organizers
*Timers!  (i.e. iPads, sand timers, laptops)
*Cue student prior to being called upon
*Provide an outline of notes for lectures
*Highlight keywords
*Use a highlighted strip of paper for reading
*Sign-off on student agenda daily
*Provide checklists for completion of tasks, including editing checklists
*Preferential seating (i.e. away from distractions, near good models, close proximity to a teacher)

​And for your students who have EF disorders, we can support them with IEP goals!

Here are some sample Executive Functioning IEP goals and objectives:

Given direct instruction, XXX will develop the ability to attend to individual tasks and will improve his/her executive functioning skills through the use of learned strategies for attention and organization in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities by the end of the IEP period.

1. Given support and visual cues, XXX will create a system for organizing personal items in his/her locker/desk/notebook/homework agenda in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

2. Given direct instruction and visual supports, XXX will be able to independently and successfully navigate a structured routine within the general education classroom in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

3. After explicit and direct instruction, XXX will develop a self regulatory plan for carrying out multi-step tasks (i.e. completing homework, writing an essay, doing a project) and given practice, visual cues and fading adult supports, will apply the plan independently to new situations in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

4. Given direct instruction and visual supports, XXX will attend to independent, small group, and whole class instruction and activities with no more than 2 verbal prompts in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

Given direct instruction through a cognitive enhancement program, XXX will independently apply learned strategies to improve executive functioning skills in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities by the end of the IEP period.

1. Given support and visual cues, XXX will select and create a system for organizing assignments and school work in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

2. Given support and fading adult support, XXX will use a checklist and/or visual schedule to independently complete tasks in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

3. Given a task or activity, XXX will indicate and gather what items are needed to complete the task in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

4.  Given a task or activity, XXX will create a plan to complete the task in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

Given direct instruction, XXX will develop the ability to attend to individual tasks and will improve his/her executive functioning skills through the use of learned strategies for attention and organization in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities by the end of the IEP period.

1. XXX will arrive at class with required materials for daily assignments (i.e. paper, pen, pencil, notebook, textbook, chromebook) in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

2. XXX will arrive to class on time in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

3. XXX will identify and follow rules in lunchroom, bathroom, halls, and/or bus in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

4. XXX will identify and follow rules as specified in each class in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

Given direct instruction and fading adult support, XXX will remain on task and work independently on classroom tasks in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities by the end of the IEP period.

1. Given direct instruction and fading adult support, XXX will independently begin an assigned task from a prearranged schedule with fading adult support in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

2. Given fading adult support, a divider or cubby for distractions, and/or preferential seating, XXX will ignore distractions in environment by continuing to focus on own work in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

3.  Given fading adult support, a divider or cubby for distractions, and/or preferential seating, XXX will work steadily on task for length of time required by the teacher when given an assignment or activity in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

4. Given direct instruction and fading adult support, XXX will attempt to independently resolve problems with an assignment before asking for help in 3 out of 5 observable opportunities.

Happy teaching!

By Miss Rae

The most important component of special education - next to the students - is the data!  

Data is a special educator's lifeline.  

We employ data for eligibility determinations.  We use it to monitor progress toward a student's IEP goals.  We use it to set goals for students, determine extended year programming, report at meetings, and qualify our statements in meetings and on special education documents.  We need the data to justify the TEAM's decision about a student's plan.

We know the importance of data.

The hard part is tracking it!

Here's how I do it?

FIRST

I review at my students’ IEP goals and objectives.  During this process, I pair each objective with an assessment.  For example, if a student has a sight word reading goal using the Fry Word List, I pull out the Fry Word List.  

When I’m finished pairing assessments, I set a schedule for each probe.  I typically begin the year with a full battery of assessments to obtain a baseline for a student’s goals and objectives.  Some objectives are then tested weekly. For example, I will complete a weekly running record on a student’s reading. Other objectives I may assess monthly.  This may be a student’s writing objective regarding a narrative piece of writing. As a result, I will plan to have a completed narrative writing piece once per month.  I put this schedule into my Google Calendar and check this step off of my To Do List! 

THEN
​
I organize my students’ goals and objectives along with the assessments I have chosen for each on tracking forms.  All forms contain a student’s name, goal(s), and objectives. The forms, then, vary by the assessment schedule. For example, some goals and/or objectives may need a spot for weekly tracking while others may need a monthly.  

When a student is assessed, I record the score (AKA the data) directly onto the form along with the date.  This keeps my data all on one form that I can pull out on the spot when it is needed.

So, if a parent states “Ben says he completes all of his work, but you lose it,” you can pull out your trusty form with evidence that Ben has completed 30 percent of his assignments in the last month.

Or when it’s time to write Special Education progress reports, you don’t have to dread it.  The data is at your fingertips.

The tool I use for this is my IEP Data Collection Progress Monitoring Forms and Cards for this.  

You can grab my IEP Data Collection Progress Monitoring Forms and Cards from Miss Rae’s Room Teachers Pay Teachers Store HERE!

If you need to track behavioral data, check out my BEHAVIOR Data Tracking Forms & Points Sheets!

Next

I break out the three-hole punch and get wild!  I keep all of my tracking forms in a binder (because I grew up in the 80s, okay?!).  

When my caseload is on the small side, it makes my life easier to organize my binder sections by student.  In this way, when I need my data for a particular student, I can quickly find it, and I don’t have to flip from section to section when I am writing reports.

However, as caseloads sometimes grow over the years, it has become more efficient to have the sections organized by assessments.  So when my Google Calendar alerts me that I need to test math fact fluency, I can quickly flip to the section containing the sight word assessments and tracking forms for that probe.  

I also keep reference sheets in my binder for easy access.  For example, I always keep a reference page that correlates reading levels from Fountas and Pinnell to Reading A-Z to lexile levels.

Finally

Some data needs to be tracked more frequently.  For example, lagging skills in executive functioning, behavior, attention, and social emotional capacities often needs to be tracked within a 30 minute time period or during one subject area.  

The binder can become too cumbersome when to employ for frequent data tracking.  Often times, I clip my forms to clipboards for easy access. The forms I use can be copied onto cardstock and cut smaller to be placed on a key rings for easy access as well.
​
If I have access to an iPad or tablet, I use Google Forms.  You can make a simple form that enables you to just hit a button each time the data needs to be recorded.  Google Forms will save the data, and when needed, Google Forms will compile the data into one spreadsheet for analysis when it’s needed.

And there you have it!  

Your data is tracked!  Now, you can continue on with just being a teaching rockstar!  ;)

~By Miss Rae

Check out The BEST Special Education Teacher Binder with FREE updates for life to get ALL things Special Education including DATA TRACKING form options!

We all dread it.  Special education teachers groan and mumble that they have to go do it as they procrastinate by chatting with a fellow educator.  It feels monotonous and overwhelming.
​

IEP goal writing does not have to be stressful though.  It’s actually quite simple once you get the hang of it - oh, and you obviously have the ever-important, all-knowing data!

Start with the BIG picture!

ASK - What is the student's qualifying disability?

ASK - What impact does the disability (or disabilities in some cases) have on the student's education?

The skill areas that you identify are most likely to be the goal areas.

Then, use this quick and easy formula to generate a SMART IEP goal!

SMART = Specific Measurable Achievable Reasonable (Realistic) Timeframe

Step One:  In what timeframe, will the student achieve this goal?  

By the end of the IEP cycle is typically the answer to this question.  So if the IEP start date is going to be 4/1/2040, then, the goal can be set to be achieved by 4/1/2041.

EXAMPLE:
By the end of the IEP cycle, ...

Step Two:  What will the student be able to achieve in the set timeframe?  

First, think BIG, and then, narrow it down to the specific skill that is required!

Start with the qualifying disability.

How is the disability impacting the student’s ability to access the general education curriculum?

What standards or skills are required?  Look at the student’s current abilities.  What are the steps needed to achieve the grade level standards?  What are the lagging skills needed to achieve the grade level standards?  This will be your goal!

Let’s say Sam is reading at a level L according to the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System.  This is equivalent to a 2.7/2.8 grade level. Sam’s grade level is 3.5.

In order to get Sam closer to grade level, he will receive specialized instruction of lagging skills and strategies, increasing his ability to independently access the general education curriculum.  Skill and strategy instruction will be required for Sam to close the achievement gap AND learn how to function independently and successfully with his disability.

Such specialized instruction aids in increasing the time required to get Sam closer to grade level.  Therefore, in one year’s time frame, when the IEP team reconvenes to assess Sam’s annual progress, Sam should have been able to make one year’s growth in reading; thus, rendering his reading level to be at a level P.  Level P has a grade level equivalent to a 3.8-4.1. When Sam’s annual review occurs, he will be at a 4.5 grade level. If he is able to achieve his goal of a level P, he will have closed the academic gap that much more, getting him much closer to grade level.

EXAMPLE:
By the end of the IEP cycle, Sam will be able to read at a level P according to the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System … (I will give the example, later in this blog, that does not list a specific program)

Step Three:  In what context or setting will the skill be measured?

Will Sam participate in a small group?  Will he be provided staff support in the general education classroom?

EXAMPLE:
By the end of the IEP cycle, Sam will be able to read at a level P according to the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System during small group instruction …

Step Four:  How will progress toward the goal be measured?

What curriculum-based measures will you utilize to assess progress towards the goals?

This is one of the many reasons why progress monitoring is SO important.  With continual progress monitoring, educators are able to pinpoint areas of weakness that are hindering progress towards goals.  Once lagging skills have been identified, instruction can be provided to target those skills. With continued progress monitoring, it is the hope that each lagging skill will become an independently applied skill, and with each gained skill, a student will be one step closer to his/her goal.

EXAMPLE:
By the end of the IEP cycle, Sam will be able to read at a level P according to the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System during small group instruction as measured by running records …

Step Five:  What accuracy toward the goal will be needed to demonstrate mastery?

Refer to the student’s current progress.  For instance, when I am progress monitoring Sam, what percentage of accuracy would demonstrate mastery of a reading level on a running record?  Typically, instructional reading levels are assessed at 90-94 percent accuracy.

EXAMPLE:
By the end of the IEP cycle, Sam will be able to read at a level P according to the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System during small group instruction as measured by running records with 90 percent accuracy in 3 out of 5 trials …

Step Six:  What supports (if any) does the student need to achieve this goal?

What supports will the student need to transition to independently accessing the general education grade level curriculum?  Does the student need a graphic organizer? Adult support? Cues?

EXAMPLE:
By the end of the IEP cycle, Sam will be able to read at a level P according to the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System during small group instruction as measured by teacher-conducted running records with 90 percent accuracy in 3 out of 5 trials with direct given direct instruction using a systematic and scientifically based reading instruction program.

EXAMPLE WITHOUT A SPECIALIZED PROGRAM CITATION:
By the end of the IEP cycle, Sam will be able to demonstrate accurate knowledge of reading skills showing one year's growth (2.7/2.8 grade level to a 3.8/4.1 grade level) during small group instruction as measured by teacher-conducted running records with 90 percent accuracy in 3 out of 5 trials with direct given direct instruction using a systematic and scientifically based reading instruction program.

Objectives!

Think of the objectives as the stepping stones needed to achieve the goal!

What specific skills are required for the student to achieve the goal?

When writing objectives, you can employ the same formula!

Begin by analyzing the current performance.

For example, in Sam’s case, I would analyze his most recent running records.  Through such an investigation, I am able to determine that comprehension is a strength while decoding long vowel and multisyllabic words and reading sight words were areas of weaknesses.

Step One:  In what timeframe, will the student achieve this goal?  
Step Two:  What will the student be able to achieve in the set timeframe?  
Step Three:  In what context or setting will the skill be measured?
Step Four:  How will progress toward the goal be measured?
Step Five:  What accuracy toward the goal will be needed to demonstrate mastery?
Step Six:  What supports (if any) does the student need to achieve this goal?

Decoding:  Given 15 words in isolation at his instructional reading level, Sam will correctly and independently decode 80 percent of the words by the end of the IEP cycle.

Decoding:  Given 15 words within the context of sentence level reading at his instructional reading level, Sam will correctly and independently decode 80 percent of the words accurately by the end of the IEP cycle.

Sight Words:  Sam will be able to accurately and independently read 300 out of the first 400 sight words with 100 percent accuracy by the end of the IEP cycle.

Tah Dah!  And there you have it!  A SMART goal with SMART objectives that were a cinch to write!

Goal:  
By the end of the IEP cycle, Sam will be able to read at a level P according to the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System during small group instruction as measured by teacher-conducted running records with 90 percent accuracy in 3 out of 5 trials with direct given direct instruction using a systematic and scientifically based reading instruction program.

EXAMPLE WITHOUT A SPECIALIZED PROGRAM CITATION:
By the end of the IEP cycle, Sam will be able to demonstrate accurate knowledge of reading skills showing one year's growth (2.7/2.8 grade level to a 3.8/4.1 grade level) during small group instruction as measured by teacher-conducted running records with 90 percent accuracy in 3 out of 5 trials with direct given direct instruction using a systematic and scientifically based reading instruction program.

Objectives:
Decoding:  Given 15 words in isolation at his instructional reading level, Sam will correctly and independently decode 80 percent of the words by the end of the IEP cycle.

Decoding:  Given 15 words within the context of sentence level reading at his instructional reading level, Sam will correctly and independently decode 80 percent of the words accurately by the end of the IEP cycle.

Sight Words:  Sam will be able to accurately and independently read 300 out of the first 400 sight words with 100 percent accuracy by the end of the IEP cycle.

IEP are essentially roadmaps for students that should lead towards independence.  The goals should provide the direction towards a state of independence!

~ By Miss Rae